Event management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Event management - Case Study ExampleIt involves canvass the actual operations of the organization and the planned operations. If deviations occur, they are accounted for, and the necessary steps interpreted towards mending the deviations from the plans (Oleg & Plamen, 2010). piece resources refer to the workforce employed by the organizations. It involves all the people employed to work in the organization. clement resource management involves the management of people at work in an organization (Josephat, 2011). The human resources in an organization include wage laborers and salaried workers. They implement the plans of the organization. They are checked for their performance in the autocratic process. Logistics involves moving and handling goods. In other words, it entails managing the efficient flow of goods, as well as study from the origin to the point of consumption (Yung-yu & Wen, 2005). Logistics relates to the planning, control, human resource and risk management in tha t the flow of schooling or materials is planned for, controlled, are carried out by the human resources. Planning in logistics also entails the brass of risk management. Risk management involves measures to avoid and mitigate risks. The aim is to prevent loss, reduce loss, and avoid risks and to finance the risks. For example, Edinburg Hogmanays risk management will involve avoiding accidents associated with fireworks. It will also entail measures to be taken in case the risk occurs.Firework display involves several risks. One of the risks is tipping over while firing. It becomes good when the fireworks are fired towards spectators. Another risk is the shots going off at the ground level due(p) to immature ignition or other faults (UKFR, 2014). It may cause serious damage to the people, especially if the gum elastic distance is not observed. Part fired fireworks also pose risks. They are those fireworks that are not

I know why the caged bird sings(Author- Maya Angelou) Essay

I know why the caged bird sings(Author- Maya Angelou) - Essay ExampleThis is through establishing broad vision of black women in the American culture. Based with her childhood life, Maya focuses on her effort and struggle to overcome restrictions that have been placed upon her in antagonistic environment. In order to escape from the traditional ways of life, she frequently asks questions, which are her strategic tools to physical body her strength. This is relevant to women in the modern world since they are denied chances to express their opinion. However, their voices can lead to self dominance thus relieving them from societal bondage (Angelou 18).Chapter 15 of the book features racialism as another major curve in the society. This is depicted by Maya, who is a little Black girl brought up in a society where racism surrounds her. When Maya visits a dentist, he refuses to treat her indicating that he will rather lay his exit on his dogs mouth than in Negros (Angelou 25). Racis m in this book relates to the modern world where Africans are treated unequally in the American society.In Chapter 17, the author has utilise the life of an African American woman struggling to escape from the cruel and oppressive world. In this case, she depicts how racism has caused oppression of African Americans, thus preventing them from getting freedom and happiness in their lives. This portrays what African Americans faces in American society before they were granted full citizenship (Angelou

Human Nutrition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Human Nutrition - Essay ExampleI fag end also reduce the amount of meat that I consume by eating less portions of it. I can also eat more beans and legumes as they provide role and my daily intake of fiber is lower than it should be. These do non contain as much protein as meat. However, overall, my meat servings need to be smaller.The foods in my recorded daily intake that contain protein are flan (which contains eggs and milk), scrambled eggs, sausages, and the ground recoil in the taco salad and the soft taco supreme. The foods contain drop off proteins as they are meat and savage products. Incomplete proteins come from beans and legumes and must be combined with other foods in order to provide complete proteins.I was not surprised by the overabundance of protein that I consumed today as I usually do not eat fast food on a normal basis. Today consisted of excess special events therefore, I was on the go. I knew that the processed and junk food eating would contribute to a high fat, high protein intake. I will go back to my usual intake tomorrow as I will go back to my normal schedule.Consuming too little protein can cover to anemia, which as defined by anemia (n.d.) is a quantitative deficiency of the hemoglobin, often accompanied by a reduced number of red blood cells and causing pallor, flunk, and breathlessness. Parts of the proboscis that require more protein such as muscles and hair will start to weaken and even decrease if there is not enough protein. A decrease of lean body mass and muscle can lead to weakness and fatigue. Protein provides amino acids and is the building blocks of each cell in the human body. Too little protein means that the body cannot renew and repair its cells and itself.Eating too much protein can cause you to gain weight as it does contain extra calories. Nelson (2002) reports, So-called ketogenic diets can thrust your kidneys into overdrive in order to flush these ketones from your body. As your kidneys rid your bod y of

Life Stressors Journal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Life Stressors Journal - Assignment ExampleThis means that the stage assessed was packed with high stress levels ( Koocher & Greca, 2011).I was not surprised by my life stressors since I see tough times and was always indoors thinking about my stressors. My major stressors were my education that is, my fees, grades and competition from different students. These stressors greatly impacted my socializing skills forcing me to be a loner. I tried reaching out to friends as my relaxation technique, by creating a good social support system, and it really worked as I cognize that a problem shared is half solved. Major health risks associated with distress are insomnia, bouts of anger, depression, restlessness, tense muscles, and fatigue.The deprecative point in managing stress is our ability to control how we react to the situation that led to the stress. We are normally so busy living our life that we dont take time to stop and assess. We should invest the various relaxation techniqu es for a healthy living (Koocher & Greca,

Community needs analysis Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Community needs analysis - Coursework causaThe needs analysis links the terminal and instrumental values with the community needs, through effective despatch work and collaboration with the local charity.Family security, health and exciting conduct are instrumental for individuals with learning disabilities. The give team and charity ordain collaborate to identify the number of individuals with disabilities who have poor health, exciting life and family support. These individuals will then be supported to enhance comfort, and effective selective information sharing. Individuals with learning disabilities must in any case possess significant values such as ambition, responsibility and intelligence. The number of individuals who desire to be discover of the project will be identified. The identification will be done through baseline surveys that engage local authorities, religious leaders, and opinion leaders (Bekas 196).Individuals experiencing learning disabilities must be s timulated intellectually. This is through enhancing the information sharing processes within the community (Wright, Foran & Wood 139). They should also demonstrate responsibility through being timely for learning program, and also illustrates ambition by a great desire overcoming disability challenges (Sanchez 343). The main declare oneself of the needs assessment is to determine the number of disabled individuals willing to participate in the project, their disability take and category, and also the resource level required for successful operation of the project.The search team will first mate with the local charity to collect and analyze data on the learners with disabilities, and in the implementation of the project. 100 participants will be identified for the study, through sampling approach. The study will be conducted through the qualitative research approach. The methods of data collection to be applied are interview, questionnaire and data mining. The data collected wil l be used to determine the community needs. Data mining

Utilization of Social Media in Arab Uprisings Essay

Utilization of Social Media in Arab Uprisings - Essay ExampleBoth Tunisia and Egypt were revolutionized simultaneously because they were dividing sophisticated techniques of technologies in strengthening their results of riot. The civilians of these countries wanted to end and preempt numerous years of humiliation, bribery and exploitation. The crowded citizens in the streets did non gather to promote their political views or suggestions, but their main objective was to riot against social scotch conditions such as high cost of living and unemployment. The beliefs of citizens transformed due to their political involvements and this made two the juveniles and elderly to discover themselves both as patriots and rebels. Communication technologies were highly utile and this made a slew of people able to reach their groups in effective time. This essay encompasses all the supportive materials to explain the rebellion of Arabs, covers in details some of the techniques which were util ized in success of their uprising and also conclusions. Social networks were useful and played significant informational and organizational duties. The social platform such as Facebook facilitated the removal of Tunisias Ben Ali and Egypts Mubarak to digital platform. Assertions for example This is Facebook Uprising were regular in major lanes and cities, whereas root problems of corruption and exploitation of gracious rights in most of the Arab nations was a menace. Media of interactions such as Facebook, YouTube, and mobile phones were in plenty and were mainly apply by a number of literate persons. Many of the Protestants in streets and cities lost their lives but the revolution groups prevailed pains with their technological plans. Groups of networks generated friends, families and members of other networks.

Benefits that are associated with good growth Essay

Benefits that be associated with good increase - sample ExampleThis essay discusses that once the living standards decline or stagnate, there is little or no progress at all in around societies toward any of the aforementioned goals, this leads to retrogression in galore(postnominal) instances. The importance of good stinting growth can non therefore be overlooked as it ensures standards of living are improved as well as the well being of the economy itself. The impacts of scotch growth should non necessary be negative towards the environment. It has been argued by some economist that frugal growth can at long last lead to environmental advancement, notwithstanding the increase in environmental debasement in the past associated with economic growth. As Robert Reich puts it, economic growth does not necessarily mean production of a lot of stuff, simply rather, it is all about the nations ability to produce everything that the inhabitants of that nation want and need, which include improvement of public health, schools, as well as effective management of environment. This statement is validated by the lean advanced by Friedman to states that even though there is a wide belief that a big gross domestic product ( availability of much(prenominal) services and goods) show the way to more satisfied and happier citizens, the proposition is more complicated than it seem. According to him, most individuals do judge their well being by means of weighing themselves against opposite people. For this reason, in the event that the average income of a given country increases the expectations of the people also go up. Consequently, the levels of gross domestic product taken alone per individual in a particular nation, does not essentially give a clear reflection of the level of happiness among the citizens. The absence of a direct connection between the levels of GDP per individual in a given country and individual satisfaction seems to challenge the purely eco nomic point of view in support of growth. This raises the question as to the veracity of people having to go through all the turmoil of economic restructuring as well as technological change while, the availability of larger homes and more gadgets are not going to make people happier It has been the contention of other economist economic growth is good and important as people get to see their own earning increasing, and they do not gain to worry about comparing themselves with others. Eventually, that state generates a more conducive environment for some(prenominal) social and political advancement in a given country. As pointed out earlier, economic growth does not necessarily have to go hand in hand with environmental degradation as a matter of fact growth can be a very vital apparatus in controlling and managing environmental degradation as pointed out by Robert Reich. According to Dinda (2005), contrary to most people beliefs, continues economic growth can be the best means through which environmental degradation can be addressed. This can only be done by developing a weapon that defines the relationship between income generated and environmental degradation. As Dinda (2005) puts it, when a particular country attains a satisfactorily towering living standard, the citizens of such countries attach more importance to environmental facilities around them. To put it more simply, the more people become wealthier, the more time they will have to consider other things as distant to the poor people who only think about basic survival. The wealthy on the other hand, will have more time to think about being more richer and environmental conditions. Since they do have significant influence, they are capable of influencing the local and national government to look into the issue of environmental improvement. battlefield shows that, even though during the early stages of economic growth there

Nursing Education Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Nursing Education Philosophy - Essay Example fit in to the report findingsconstructivist is defined as a method that is based on observation and scientific on how people learn study. Nursing training should aid learners to have an organized way of applying knowledge. As in that respect are significant differences in how nurses are supervised within the realm of nurse education in Oman as compared to other countries in the West, those differences form the focus of this paper. Currently, in Oman, nursing students receive their academic education, clinical supervision and speciality training from the same academic educators. This is in contrast to how nurses are educated in the UK, the United States, Australia, and most of Europe wherein nursing students have the academic component, which emphasized the practical part apply simulation for accurate leaning, and engage with professionals in the field as part of higher education.This paper highlights thata lens of Constructivist will f rame the paper in order to examine the efficacy and value of this up-to-the-minute method that utilizes both observational and scientific justification in drawing conclusion in nursing education. Constructivist is a normative ethical theory that holds that the most effective and economical action is the one considered to support learners in constructing their knowledge while under the supervision of a facilitator.The information requires re-publishing in order to wee-wee the most efficient methodology that involve the finding a result that aligns with the goals of nursing practice.

Cultural customs Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cultural customs - Research Paper ExampleIn their homeland, children and adolescents atomic number 18 geared toward achieving the goal of higher education and have lessons taught about the importance of holding onto traditional Chinese cultural values (Henslin, 2003). Lessons on thriftiness, especially in relation to finance, are reinforced during this period of the aliveness cycle.As adults, the Chinese stress maintaining caution in areas of business and establish plans for long-term financial supremacy much earlier than other groups (Zhang). In their homeland, Chinese often marry with the idea that it will be a life-long bond and put a great deal of emphasis on the value of individualised relationships. At senior age, it is common to still be a part of the family household and is often revere for wisdom.The U.S. citizen is strikingly different than the Chinese and infants are often reared with much less emphasis on education, still more on securing their emotional well-being. Infants are cared for with considerable intensity and usually the child bonds with the mother all over the father.During childhood, there is much less emphasis on creating a family bond and the child is promoted to socialize out-of-door of the family network to build skills in peer bonding and organized play (Henslin). Some of these lessons begin in early educational years and team-based concepts, outside of family values, are the most common experiences. In adolescence, children are presumption lessons on establishing their own sense of individuality rather than finding connection through family. They are open(a) to many cultural symbols through advertising and other media formats, therefore they have access to different extraneous role models to base their own personalities.During adulthood, it is common to partner without taking the vow of long-term marriage and the family anatomical structure can be outside of the social norm. Lessons relating to the importance of higher

Syncretizing Christianity with Confucianism Essay - 2

Syncretizing Christianity with Confucianism - Essay ExampleConfucius pointed turn up that heaven and the life after death were very perplex and were beyond human understanding, therefore, each and every individual should focus on doing the right thing darn still alive. Brook (13) defines syncretism as the attempt of combining disparate and opposing persuasions together. Christianity is one of the oldest forms of religion with the highest turn of intrustrs in the world today. Madsen affirms that Christianity as a religion becomes the hardest to syncretize with Confucianism because Christianity is a religion which has its own doctrines that ar all written down and followed by all Christians in the world today. Christians believe in the countersign as the only source of the word of deity. They believe that the divine God talks to them through the volume (482). Combining the beliefs of Confucianism with those of Christianity will only serve to cause instability in the church since the base of the belief system will be shaken. Christians believe that there is life after death and therefore God will come back to the end of life on earth and bring justice to the people. Kato points out that according to Christianity good people will go to Heaven while those who were involved in horror deeds will be burnt eternally in hell (10). Syncretism imperils interfaith discourse by trying to detach Christianity from the doctrines and historical core. It will become very difficult in combining the cardinal belief systems because it will be more complicated for Christians to drop their belief system where they strongly believe that God is omnipresent.The doctrines of Christianity does not tally with those of any other religion in the world today, therefore, combining the beliefs of twain religions will only serve to bring wrangles and misunderstanding in the world today.

Explain an Evaluate the Principal Features of Adam Smith's Treatment Essay

Explain an Evaluate the Principal Features of fling Smiths interposition of Value and Distribution - Essay ExampleHe agreed with government expenditure on populace goods, such as, enforcement of the law, infrastructure and security. He also acknowledged what he thought to be drawbacks in ontogenesis of economy, whether they were in the form of universe spending or taxation except only the taxation of prise of the land. He also put into consideration the relation between price and appraise. His conclusion was that that the cost of performance is equivalent to the price of the product. He reas peerlessd that when the quantity supplied to the merchandise is enough to meet demand in the market and no extra, then the selling price may be said to be all near or exactly to the natural price, which is the cost of production1. He took this result as an outcome of market bargaining. Adam Smith argued that in a stable economic system and evaluation many raft would react to the enticem ent of earning extra specializing in their production. These people without intervention of the government they would be of significant measure out in industry and this leave behind make the economy to be more productive and wealthy2. Adam found his argument on that by protecting specific producers will result to inefficient production and and then there will a rise in price. He asserts that when people are trading they value what they are going to buy in comparison to purchased goods value. ... The prices will be used to estimate and oppose the value of the commodities. Adam Smith allowed for the difference of speed and skill a person has in doing a certain job. He argued that value based on demand is totally subjective. This is because some mortals will be more amounts on a certain commodity while others will pay less on the same commodity. Smiths analysis on value should be is considered under circumstances as one of his primary(prenominal) purpose. He would make sure th at workers were safe from being exploited by their self-interested employers who their main concern was to maximize profits, and hence paying his employees low wages. Given this situation, Adam said, the quality of output will be uniform to the labour they have used. He tried to uplift society significantly, by move emphasis on free enterprise. He recommended that in a free market each individual is directed in making decisions by an imperceptible hand. This unseen hand guides people to formulate decisions that are of importance to the people and society at large without its knowledge. Every person labours so that he or she may provide revenue to the society. The person might not be intending to promote the interest of the public neither does he or she know by how much he has promoted it. The invisible hand is the one which makes the person to promote some bump which was not of his objective. By chasing his personal interest he regularly improves that of the society more effectua lly and efficiently than when he had the intention to support it. In the theory of Adam Smith of how the economy is interrelated he shows how industries and labours function, and the way each one plays a crucial part in the production of goods in the industry3. The

Social Work -- Process Recording Analysis Paper Research

Social Work -- Process Recording Analysis - Research Paper usageSW recognized the fact that she was able to turn up amidst her tight schedule. Personally, I believe that this was requirement to convince her to open up and freely share her situation. I would feel remorseful for her but would set ahead her that everything is ok and things will work out. SW did little furtherment after appreciation of her time. I would encourage her that the experts are doing their best to see her through the recovery process.In administering the interview I would also be directed by the fact that she was recently treated for mood disorder and was on the process of recovering. I would consider that she might not come to the encounter because of her previous condition and personal dedication to the therapy school term provided by the DSS where she works. This would be justified because she needs of source of income and is trying hard to recover from her condition and work over back to her children , therefore, in case she did not turn up, I was not going to blame her. Instead, I would encourage her to keep attending the therapy sessions since it would help her regain her life, job and children.She told SW that she has no problem meeting him and discussing about the therapy session. SW introduced himself as one of the therapy group members of the DSS. I believe this would get her attention and in all likelihood she would be freer to talk. I think this was meant to introduce SW as one of the members of DSS and, therefore, eliminate the image of a stranger that would jeopardize the interview. I believe also that SW took a position that would encourage tactility like having someone to share her fears, dreams and expectation. This may be the reason that SW referred to Mr. G, the group leader. I would personally consider this position taken by SW because, according to me, it was the best way to get Linda to rat information. SW went further to elaborate that Mr. G directed him t o find out about her group that is regarded as the most

Allocation of Fixed Costs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Allocation of Fixed Costs - Essay ExampleBut in recent environment where the overheads such as IT personify became a major portion in increase appeal. In advanced manufacturing technology overheads atomic number 18 likely to be more important and therefore it is problematic to justify the IT cost on the basis of absorption cost methodology. The problem arises when the company is not commensurate to decide that on which basis the IT cost should allocate into company products. There are many distinguishable techniques can be single-valued functiond for allocation of IT costs. Some of them are mentioned below According to many lucky financial advisors, the use of Activity Based Costing (ABC) methodology can be a scoop and beneficial technique for the allocation of IT costs. In addition, it is also proved by accounting practices of past hardly a(prenominal) decades that activity found costing is absolutely a outgo technique for charging allocating the major complex overheads costs like IT costs. Activity based costing is just one method of charging IT costs because it focuses on the recognition of actual IT costs and can give the true and accurate results. A simple charge thorn costing technique can be also a good option for allocation of IT cost but it is only feasible only at first stage and the company can pillowcase many of big inherent problems at the end of process. Why Activity Based Costing (ABC) is best technique for the allocation of IT costs ABC Vs Flat Rate In comparison with other costing methodologies the Activity based costing technique always gives accurate results and could be a true heartbeat of profitability. For example, Allocation of overheads on flat rate system hides the inefficiencies of the systems and causes many serious problems in long run. using a flat rate is can be the best option to get cost transparence but sometimes it can be headache for business leaders because they started to thin k that, they are charged grea ter than the their use. Using flat rate system, there is a possibility of greater charges in respect with little use of service. Complexity of IT costs On the other side of coin, other conventional approaches are not able to measure the complexity of the IT costs properly while the Activity based costing recognize the complexity with its multiple cost drivers. Realistic Approach In modern militant environment, companies must be able to assess profitability realistically. Activity based costing methodology facilitates a good understanding of what drives IT costs. Purpose of Allocation Simple the cost allocation is the process of charging the indirect costs in to products on the base of services they consume. It is a process of charging the portion of shared services from cost centers in to a product or service. In current technological environment, the overheads are likely to be far more important and in fact direct labour may account for as little 5% of a product cost. In advance e nvironment many non-volume related delay activities such as IT costs have captured a great part in companys profitability thats why the fair allocation of IT costs is more important to measure the true profitability level. Benefits of Allocation There are many benefits of allocation of IT costs. Some of them are mentioned below graceful Accountability of resources In current competitive trends, enterprises demand more accountability of their funds and they try to use their resources in effective manner. For this purpose, Proper allocation of IT

A geopolitical analysis of The Clinton Administration's 1995 National Research Paper

A geopolitical analysis of The Clinton Administrations 1995 field of study Security Strategy - Research Paper ExampleThe national security measure system of 1995 Clinton politics was listed out in a document titled, A National Security Strategy of difference and Enlargement, published by the White House in February 1995 (The White House, 1995). The new strategy had its perplexity more than focused on the ethnic conflicts which were on the rise all over the world and also the challenges raised(a) by the so-called rogue states (The White House, 1995, p.1 of preface). Another major aspect of the change that was reflected in the NSS 1995 was the work shift of attention of the US from the communist nations, towards a wider geopolitical realm, to say, the whole world. Geo-politically, the two major concerns, which have prompted the verbal expression of a new security strategy for the US, had been the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and the political instability in ma ny another(prenominal) countries and regions caused by population explosion and environmental degradation (The White House, 1995, p.1 of preface). It was evident that the US was redefining its national security concerns on geo-political lines rather than the previous practice of seeing national security in relation with the ideological realm, especially communism. The immediate yet indirect threats to orbicular political stability from certain regions and nations based on geopolitical issues like ethnicity, and environment were seriously accounted for, the first time in US history. The new National Security Strategy was prepared in accordance with Section 603 of the Goldwater- Nichols Defense Department Reorganization influence 1986 (The White House, 1995, p.1 of preface). The declared key objectives of this strategy document had been, to sustain our Americas security with military hauls that are doctor to fight, to bolster Americas economic revitalization and to promote democr acy abroad (The White House, 1995, p.1 of preface). The first two objectives be the natural security concerns of any nation but the third objective was specific to America with its extensive history of intervening in the matters of other nations with a vision of a global super power. And the attention imparted to link the economic development of the nation with the security aspect is again unique to the US. This is an indicator of the geo-political tolerate that this country has been adopting ever since its establishment as a rich and powerful nation. The dependence of the US thriftiness on weapon trade, oil, and other natural resources (scarce inside the nation and available in plenty in the third world and the Middle East) can be one reason why concepts of security construct entangled with internal matters of foreign countries and regions for this nation, thus giving national security a distinct global geopolitical edge. For example Saudi Arabia has been the largest customer f or US military hardware (Cohen, 2003, p.356). Similarly, the greatest labor force that America has to run its industries has been flowing from Mexico (Cohen, 2003, p.135). And the United States invaded Haiti in 1915 to protect U.S. investments and properties in a military pedigree that lasted until 1934 (Cohen, 2003, p.107). Making of the NSS The National Security Strategy document is prepared by the US government administration beginning the process with a preferred approach to national security (Bartolotto, 2004, p.6). The process of initiating, controlling, developing, writing, and publishing the NSS is entrusted with the retainer to the President for National Security Affairs, who also is the head of

Decolonization Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

decolonization - Research Paper Exampleolutions to open peace had been placed and failed because of conflicting ideologies that had been held by nations that lacked the desire to honor freedom. Reed had been the order of the day with the shinny presented in establishing the expected dominance within the established grounds (Bolton 451). The aspect of decolonization had been across-the-board to the need to break the bonds established before to the onset of WW1 when nations had scrambled to obtain territories within the Asian and American continents. The concept ensured freedom and establish the independence needed to predict the ideology in upholding human rights. The decolonization dish up ensured the eradication of colonial dominance within the territories and uphold independent decision making. Decolonization has also been extended to be reflected to the period that presented the needed wave to establish free opinions to the rule of law. To achieve the fete, there was the co mpleted battle to obtain the rights of presenting dominance and achieve the desired support from external bodies willing to maintain balance. Decolonization ensured that the rights of the individuals had been maintained to establish strong bonds within the societal setting and eliminate the harsh rule of colonization. after(prenominal) the famous war in 1914-1918, there was the realization from the nations that had been under harsh colonial government that the European nations had presented could be destabilized. His entity yielded the ideology to seek for freedom and promote the prevalence of justice and self governance. Europeans had travelled the borders with the perpetration to integrate their technology and religion in less(prenominal) developed societies before the beginning of the famous war. The resolving power had been included in presenting a uniform measure to present a stable society that would view the set rules (Hendrick 468). However, as the war progressed, there h ad been the subjections realized in the methods applied in ruling the less advanced

Multinational Enterprises Essay Example for Free

multinational Enterprises EssayThe needs to fulfill market demands and find new revenue well have dictated mevery corporations in the world to conduct their expansion strategy. One famous way out is to lard into foreign markets while enhancing the brand value in local market. The situation refers to internationalization or globalisation in which many companies take the ways in order to boost sales. The situation occurs since nowadays a business operational coverage does not restricted by national boundaries since they can sell their go over the internet under B2B (business-to-business) or B2C (business-to-consumers) schemes. Many factors encourage companies to conduct internationalization they include the impression that their products are unique and distinctive by any measures, have recognized brands and possess worldwide distri neverthelession channels, technological leadership, and better product value. However, the corporations, often called Multinational Enterprises (M NEs) or Multinational Companies (MNCs), may overlook several(prenominal) considerations when performing internationalization, which in turn prevent the companies to reap the benefits of their foreign market presences.This situation suggests that amidst the attractiveness of providing operate or selling products in foreign markets due to their well-recognized brands, companies need to pay attention to external and ingrained forces in the market since they determine the success of the companies international operation. The forces do not only include the skillful issue or market knowledge but also supporting issues such as gentlemans gentleman elections management, cultural issues, and financial issues, to name a few.Concerning business expansion into foreign countries, this paper will talk over several issues relating to marketing Chinese electric bicycle to Perth (Australia). Several issues include economy, technology, legal and political, human resource strategy, and cultural a ssessment and negotiation, to name a few. 2. Background The background is about the Electric Bicycles that we take from China, logical implication them, and sell the products in Perth (Australia). We also have our own website that we can sell online to people and ship our bicycles to any where in Australia.3. Economy In CIA Factbook, Australia is regarded as an example of a prosperous Western-style capitalist economy, with a per capita gross domestic product at the level of the four dominant West European economies. Since Australia has many natural resources, the boorish becomes a major exporter of agricultural products, minerals, metals, and fossil fuels. Commodities account for 57% of the value of total exports, so that a downturn in world commodity prices can have a big impact on the countrys economy.In addition, the report from CIA also notes that Australian government is pushing for increased exports of manufactured goods, but competition in international markets continues t o be severe. While Australia has suffered from the low growth and high unemployment characterizing the OECD countries in the archaeozoic 1990s and during the recent financial problems in East Asia, the economy has expanded at a fast 4% annual growth pace in the last five years. Below is economy telephone number of Australia.

Summary of Human Resource Development Essay Example for Free

digest of serviceman Resource Development EssayHRD OVERVIEW POSITIONINGThe definition of HRD is an integrated and holistic, conscious and proactive climb up to changing work-related knowledge and behaviour, using a wide range of acquirement strategies and techniques in order to better individual effectiveness and productivity. HRD is highly required in every organization to achieve their goals. HRD also outlined as the capacity to incorporate learning into behaviour. HRD scope related to get the duty battalion on the job, retain the right people in organization, and develop them in order to improve individual effectiveness. Furthermore, the capital HRD function aims to improve individual, sort, and organizational effectiveness.It involves in train and education, organization development, and c areer development. Employability is the giveingness and ability to recognize in the flesh(predicate) strength and develop self, which acquires new skills, knowledge, expertise to improve performance and effectiveness for both current and next job. In order to support the wait on of continuous psycheal development and lifelong learning of employees, it is historic for HRD function to give attention for learning and with how it might be managed.B. INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES WITHIN ORGANIZATION any person is fundamentally different from everyone else, thus managers must recognize that these differences exist and attempt to understand them. angiotensin converting enzyme of the HR department tasks is to identify and well known the existing employees so that they faecal matter place the employee in the fit/appropriate job/position, groupwork, in the organization. thitherfore, better selection and recruitment accomplish is needed to avoid errors in the placement of an employee. Recruitment and selection adjoin aims to find the right person for the right job by analyzing the persons personality. There are big five types of personality traits agreeableness, c onscientiousness, negative emotionality, extraversion and openness.These aspects have taken into account in the recruitment and selection process. These types of personality do non all give the benefit to the person itself scarcely also to the organization. As we know that poor recruitment process spate result in higher rates of turnover, reduced performance effectiveness, lower job gladness and reduces work motivation. Nowadays, unrestrained Intelligence (EQ) is believe as an grave tool to recruitment and selection process. Emotional Intelligence (EQ) is the extent to which people are self-aware, can manage their emotions can motivate themselves, express empathy for others, and process social skills.Human resources is important and valuable as come out for every companion. Many organizations improve their employees competencies to achieve the ships friendship goals. Most of companies are willing to spend a lot of money to develop their employees knowledge and skills. Ther e are several ways to develop employee skills by conducting workshops, seminars, inhouse procreation, tailor made training, off job training and studying in the higher level of education in local or foreign schools. The 7 habits of highly effective people (Stephen Covey) are be proactive, begin with the end in mind, put world-class thing first, think win-win, seek first to understand then to be understood, synergize, and sharpen the saw.C. INTER pagan MANAGEMENT CULTURAL AWARENESSCulture is the incarnate programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one group from another (Geert Hofstede). Culture is not static but is dynamic. Another definition of the culture is the uniqeness and trust that attach in one group that could be distinguished from another and become the habit which implemented in the daily life. In the transportation and transport organization, we could see many people from different nations work together. Intercultural is always coloring every company in the world.Culture shock is the confused feelings one experiences when confronted with a large number of new and foreign people or situations. To prevent a cultural shock, we must know why people do certain things. To avoid a culture shock we need to develop cultural sensitivity. Furthermore close to intercultural differences there are Collectivism versus Individualism. This is a social theory favouring freedom of movement for individuals over collective or state control. The big different between Individual and Collective Societies is the intensity of ties among individual it self.D. EMPLOYEE increase MOTIVATION LEARNING THEORYMotivation is the set of forces that leads people to behave in particular ways. The intention for managers is to motivate people to behave in ways that are in the organizations dress hat interest. One of the famous theories of motivation is The Dual-Structure theory by Herzberg. Herzberg theory identifies motivation factors, which affect satisfactio n, and hygiene factors, which qualify dissatisfaction. Motivation factors are intrinsic to the work itself and include factors such as achievement, recognition, work itself, responsibility, advancement and growth. Hygene factors are extrinsic to the work itself and include factors such as company policy, supervision, relationship with superior, work conditions, status, and job security. knowledge is the process whereby individuals acquire knowledge, skills and attitudes done emperience, reflection, study or instruction. There are three learning styles models but the famous one is learning cycle model by Kolb. There are four styles of learning, they are divergers, assimilators, convergers and accomodators.E. ORGANIZATION DEVELOPMENT LEARNING ORGANIZATIONOrganization development is the process of planned change and benefit of the organization through application of knowledge of the behavioral sciences. There are three definition of learning organization but the famous one is Senge s definition, learning organization is organizations where people continually pass their capacity to create the results they truly desire, where new and expansive patterns of thinking are nurtured, where collective aspiration is set free and where people are continually learning to see the whole together.F. HUMAN ELEMENT IN SHIPPINGHuman Element in enthrallping correlated with Human Error. Human element accord to the International Maritime Organization is a complex multi-dimensional issue that affects marine safety, security and marine environmental protection involving the entire spectrum of human activities performed by ships crews, shore based trouble, regulatory bodies and others. Human error is sometimes described as being one of the following incorrect decisions, an improperly performed action or improper lack of action. Human element is influenced by some factors, they area. People factorsb. Ship factorsc. Working and living conditiond. Organization onboarde. Shore side managementf. External influence and managementThe above factors could influence every tar during his work onboard the vessel. These elements will deliver good performance of seafarer or in contrary, these could result in bad performance of seafarer that would cause much allude to the people, animal and environment. We all know that many accidents on the vessels caused by the human error. That is why HRM and HRD play important roles to reduce this issue by allocating the right person in the right job. The causes of maritime incidents can be linked to a number of contributory factorsa. Poor ship or system designb. Equipment hardship through poor maintenancec. Fatigued. Ineffective communicatione. Lack of attention to rules, regulations, and proceduresf. Inadequate training in the operation of equipmentsg. Unawareness of the vulnerabilities of electronic systemsh. Complacency.G. CONCLUSSIONOne of the most valuable assets in a company or organization is human resources. By having goo d quality of human resources the organization will be able to running well. To obtaining good quality of human resource in the organization, in the beginning management has to make sure the good quality process of recruitment, so that management can place the right people for the right position.Furthermore, one the HR department responsible is to developed human resource through training, learning even to higher level school. Through good human resource organization can avoid errors or failures in the company. To develop human resource requires considerable cost, therefore budget caper often happen in many organizations, moreover the level of success for this development program will not be known in an uncertain manner. Finally, human resources development is very important for people and organization to achieve the company goals.

Enhanced Reading Instructions Essay Example for Free

Enhanced practice Instructions EssayDifferentiated Instructional drive of students makes it imperative for a teacher to plan bulge her instruction in small groups and separate reading centres to give students ample practice. Teachers form small supple groups of students ,meeting twice or thrice a week for a specific time. The teacher draws up equivalent structure to generate ideas, stimulate thinking, make plans and create a desire. (Cited in Guiding written material and Observing Reading, p. 385). Teachers find more opportunity to use their knowledge and skills more fully and effectively. (cited in Making Instructional Decisions, p. 461).Many use alternative strategies in order to meet the special need of the students (Modifying Lessons, p. 461) Alternative lesson structures recommends the use of at least two types of lesson structures. One Guided Reading and the other adroitness Focused Lessons. It follows a pattern where the text is selected, introduced, read and discu ssed. In a Teacher- led- centre, the option most prefer today, centre on integrated curriculum, an effort to connect the language arts with other subject areas, lots by means of themes. Integration is encouraged across all subject areas, including math . (Basal Readers and Instructional Materials, Chp13, p. 0)Skill victimization and practice activities are often interspersed with creative enrichment ideas in the teachers guide. (Chp13, p. 460) Students who need focused schooling to become fluent and accurate in their usage, Skill Focused Lessons are planned out by a teacher, like writing, talking,.. brainstorming role playing, doodling, drawing, cartooning, jotting own ideas, taking notes, interviewing and even forming mental images through visualization and graphic organizers. (Guiding Writing and Observing Reading p. 385). Thus guidelines are set , which help raise effective reading writing in a classroom.Referencehttp//www.fcrr.org/assessment/pdf/smallgroupalternativelesson structures.pdf

Why Anorexia Is Bad Essay Example for Free

Why Anorexia Is Bad EssayAccording to Stefinie Lein from the University of Arizona, the effects of anorexia nervosa, a complex psychological and tangible disorder in which a person starves themselves, are legion(predicate)Sub Point A) Physical Effects. overlook of essential energy requirements and nutrients tax the entire body and can result in electrolyte disturbances such as hypokalemia (low blood potassium) and hyponatremia (low blood sodium), among others. Electrolyte disturbances, in turn, can cause nerve arrhythmias, irregular heartbeats, and tied(p) heart attacks. The heart is not the only organ in the cardiovascular system that may be affected by anorexia. The blood itself may withal be damaged. Abnormal blood counts and anemia (low red blood cells or abnormal red blood cells with impaired oxygen-carrying capacity) are not uncommon.The digestive system is affected as well. Besides experiencing constant hunger pangs, constipation or bloating may occur. The stomach m ay shrink in size, making the reintroduction of food troublesome. The kidneys are not immune either. Further effects of anorexia nervosa may include kidneys stones and even kidney failure. Sub Point B) Ending result. After not eating for a certain amount of cadence your body would start to experience hallucinations, convulsions, muscle spasms, and irregular heart beat. Your body then begins to eat away(p) at itself causeing fluid to fill the body. This causes organs to shut down one by one until you ultimately die from the pain.CONTENTION 2 FOOD BENEFITS IN MULTIPLE WAYSSub Point A) wellness benefits. Eat Right.org states that eating benefits include a reduced risk for stroke and other cardiovascular diseases, a reduced risk for type 2 diabetes. Also eating helps protect against certain cancers, such as mouth, stomach, and colon-rectum cancer. There is also a reduced risk of coronary artery disease and helps decrease operating system loss and reduce the risk of developing kidney stones. Sub point B) Mental benefits. There is a numerous about of mental benefits that result from eating food. Food consumtion, according to mental heath, results in decreased pass judgment of depression and inclinded rates of feelings of happiness and love. Eatingfood also incresses social interaction says eHow.com. Eating also gives people an enriched sense of ATP and exhilaration. This leads to incressed strength, energy, attention spans, self esteem, and IQ. It also leads to decreased depression, weight fluctuation (How unwavering your weight changes), and stress.

Ethics Paper Essay Example for Free

Ethics Paper EssayThere are more factors to consider when apparat apply a strategic plan including considering stakeholders needs, the needs of the caller-out, as head as the needs of the employees however, maven factor that is often overlooked is the need and desires of the consumers. This act includes fulfilling the tender responsibility to benefit their community to implement economic growth or other equally important acts to benefit the society as a whole. It is a task in its own to balance the needs of the involved parties, and, unfortunately, sometimes the best decisions bring down trampled by the stakeholders agendas, and the community as a whole suffers. As a part of the community, the company has authorized ethical and favorable responsibilities that are expected of them. These responsibilities are unwritten rules that are often enforced by the competitive nature of the business. Some standalone companies can continue with business without the support of their local community charm other companies are unable to profit without the outside influencing factors of the community. If the community is directly affected by the interactions of a business, a social responsibility should be personalized to benefit the surrounding environment.Unfortunately, more often than not, social and ethical responsibilities are often overlooked by the company in order to benefit the stakeholders, and perverting factors are swept under the run in order to provide a bigger offspring to investors. McDonalds is one of the biggest companies worldwide that fail to comply with social and ethical responsibilities. Though McDonalds is known as the pioneers of the immobile food industry, and remain the highest grossing fast food chain for roughly the past 30 years (Whitt 2010). moral philosophy radical 5 3 Although the sales have remained among the highest in the United States as well as other competing countries, McDonalds continues to cut corners to turn an even larger profit.This company developed an uniform production mode by mass producing every ingredient form the hamburger meat to their French french-fried potatoes. These issues include using frozen beef patties instead of fresh ground beef and developing a genetically-modified potato quite a than using locally grown earn to ensure that all McDonalds fries have the akin uniform taste (Whitt 2010). Along with using ethical ingredients for their friend, McDonalds also uses questionable practices when it comes to their meant.Research shows a veritable(prenominal) fast-food hamburger patty contains meat from more than one thousand different cattle, raised in as many as five countries (Gibson, 2014). The unknown origin of this meat would make contaminated product catchy to trace and even harder to prevent in the future. Aside from the unethical choice of using genetically mutated produce, McDonalds has failed to keep up the social responsibility of the wellbeing of their consumers.Wi th a company that cashes in over $30 billion dollars a year in sales, you would think that they would be able to afford to revamp their menu with healthier lifestyle choices. Instead, they chose to market meals that contain 1,250 calories and 66 grams of fat per serving (McDonalds Nutrition, 2014)- that is over 300% of the recommended American intake per meal.Along with neglecting their contributions to obesity, raised cholesterol, heart disease, McDonalds has embraced the American addiction of greasy cheeseburgers and fries and has gone as uttermost as increasing the original serving portion by more than 24% (McDonalds Nutrition, 2014). ETHICS PAPER 5 4 Efforts can be made by the McDonalds cooperation to undo the severe damage that the company has inflicted on the society.Their efforts can be shifted to focus on offering healthier alternatives to the famous greasy burger and fries combination they have profited on. The first make betterment could be on using all natural ingredi ents including produce grown from local farms. This change would eliminate the producers being collected from hundreds of different locations and reduce the risk of dominance diseases and the spreading of harmful pesticides, all while making an effort to support their local producers.Along these same(p) lines, McDonalds can also chose to use fresher and leaner meats and cook them in olive or coconut palm oil instead of the fat or lard that is currently used. These small alternatives can be implemented immediately in order to show their efforts to fulfill their social and ethical responsibility. Making an effort to improve their nutritional options means that they are investing in a better future for the consumers.Unfortunately, the questionable ingredients and escape of concern of the diet offered is only a small piece of McDonalds unethical and blatant disregard of their social responsibility. In order to ensure the stakeholders agendas, McDonalds currently upholds an endless li st of labor related issues, as well as legal battles, backlash from the negative impact on foreign countries, and nonchalant approaches to backlash and lawsuits. It is sorely obvious that McDonalds is only interested in continuing the profits for their stakeholders, at any and all price. including the health and wellbeing of their consumers. ETHICS PAPER 5 5 References Gibson, A. (2014).McDonalds A Good kitchen range with Bad Ethics. Retrieved from http//www. neumann. edu/academics/divisions/business/journal/review_08/gibison. pdf Schlosser, E. (2004) Special report on slow food. In J. Johnson (Ed. ), Global Issues, topical anesthetic Arguments. Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson Education. Whitt, R. (2010). McDonalds A Good Image with Bad Ethics, Dallas Observer. Pennino, M. (2012). Nuggets of wisdom cause paints picture of out Fast-Food culture. Intelligence Journal. McDonalds Nutrition. (2014). Retrieved from http//nutrition. mcdonalds. com/getnutrition/nutritionfacts. pdf.

Blood Diamond Essay Example for Free

credit line rhomb EssayAfrica was known as The Dark Continent during the Victorian Era, believed by Europeans to be a flat coat where even the slightest trace of civilization tends to collapse under madness and savagery. It seems especially common for Europeans to move into that whatsoever ane who ventures into Africa would then sink into an irrevocable state of delirium. Such nonion was amplified by Joseph Conrad, who, in smell of Darkness, took Africa as a polish so free from moral restraints that no civility could stand from being powderise by its darkness. gunstock Diamond, dating a hundred years aft(prenominal) Heart of Darkness, presents a diverse view. Although the contain seems to faithfully support the conventional view of Africa as a place that forces its inhabitants into madness, a circumferent examination of Blood Diamond shows that, quite the opposite of depicting Africa as The Dark Continent, the film truly rebuts the view by emphasizing the underlyi ng grace of the land. Blood Diamond sends out the message that or else then being the other way around, it is the colonizers of Africa who are forcing the continent into its present state of violence and madness. through with(predicate) secernate between parts of Africa with assorted degrees of western influence, director Edward Zwick shows that Africa without colonization would be a land of peace and grace. This contrast is compriseed between the depiction of an RUF (Revolutionary United Front) headquarters and an elusive school that lies inside the immutable jungles of Africa. Zwick uses costume to represent western ideals brought to Africa through colonization when portraying the RUF headquarters.When Danny Archer first gets off the plane to do business with Commander Zero, the audience is introduced to a group of African teenagers dressed in shockingly familiar looking attires. Indeed Captain Rambo, a member of the RUF, is dressed in no way unlike from any North American boy . His clothing without doubt emulates the fashion of North American hip-hop generation. His wide sunglasses, baggy pants, and chain necklace all too well indicate western influence. It is solitary(prenominal) when he holds up a gun that the audience senses a strong odour of irony.The gangster experience that prevails this RUF headquarters contrasts with a amicable African community in the midst of the jungle, a community in which the effect of colonization is less apparent. In fact, Zwick speaks of this community as an island of sanity. The term island denotes not just a sense of closing off from the atrocity of the surrounding world, but also a sense of isolation from western influence. It is within this community that a group of child soldiers are carefully returned to life.Of these two African communities, the one that displays a crave for western ideals is the one that rears violence and madness, whereas the primitive jungle described as the very medium of suffocation in He art of Darkness becomes the place where sanity is restored. Through contrasting between a world greatly influenced by colonization and a world that is not only penetrable to its grasp, Blood Diamond clearly conveys the idea that it is the white people who are jeopardizing Africas supple soul with their intrusion, and it is the colonizers of Africa who are ultimately responsible for any violence seen there today.Zwick also uses mixed types of shots to establish Africa as a graceful land. Although scenes of RUF troops committing heinous violence are omnipresent in Blood Diamond, Zwick does not forget to show what Africa was like presentlyer war and colonization. The use of master shots often precedes any scenes of violence in the film to constantly remind the audience of the majestic panorama of Africa. Shots of grand canyons, peaceful sunset, and misty cities again and again take the audience breath away.These shots are images of Africa entirely different from those underscoring problems of distress and hunger commonly seen in media, thereby are all the more shocking. It is indeed hard for one to find a trace of savagery or madness in this landscape. Without these shots, one would laugh with an publicise dismissal when Dia says to his father teacher says our country (Sierra Leone) was built to be an utopia. But with these breathtaking images, the audience cannot second but to ruminate over Dias belief that when the war is over, our country result become a paradise.Apart from using master shots, Blood Diamond also employs wide shots to convey similar ideas. The film opens with a wide shot of fishermen working against sunrise. In the shot, the black silhouettes moving quietly yet arduously against the breaking dawn of the sky effectively convey a sense of peace. By integrating various types of shots into the content of the film in a meaningful manner, Zwick successfully delivers his desire to show what Africa was like before colonization. These shots are key to establishing Africa as a land of peace before its colonizers arrival.Zwick also conveys the idea that it is the Europeans who are responsible Africas present chaotic state by probing the different meanings of diamond in Africa and in Europe. A character responsible for this layer of the film is a sadistic RUF mine general superior general Poison. Following after the priceless diamond like an animal after the smell of carcass, General Poison is depicted as the very heart of distortion and madness throughout the film. In the prison scene, Zwicks use of lighting and colour effectively turns General Poison into the paradigm of animosity similar to that described in Heart of Darkness.The prison scene is dominated by a sickly luscious combination of brown, green, and red, creating a canvas that is hunted by greed and fear. Here, Zwick plays around with the battle of fluorescence light to give General Posion the aura of a mad dog as he barks at Solomon Vandy. Yet General Poison r eveals something rather astonishing near the end he craves for that diamond not because of greed, like the diamond dealers in London, but because he wants to escape his own cruelty. You think I am a devil, but it is only because I have been in hell.I want to get out, and you will help me. This is what the general says to Solomon, and the audience learns that he too is a prisoner suffering from the effects of colonization. General Poison craves for that priceless diamond not because of the wealth it shall bring, but because it is his only ticket out. As soon as this is revealed, the audience learns that his devilish behaviour is not the result of his native instinct rather, it is the result of having to manage with the values of white men. It is white people, the colonizers, who are forcing him into madness.Suffocated by the atrocity of colonization, he must act cruelly to free himself from his own madness. This internal irony shows that Africa is not a continent with the natural te ndency to drudge its inhabitants into madness rather, the madness seen in the film is only the result of Africans trying to cope with the values of their colonizers. In Blood Diamond, Zwick effectively combines style and content to show that Africa is not a continent of darkness and savagery rather, the moral dilapidation seen there today is the result of colonization.Indeed instead of pushing those who venture into its land beyond the boundaries of civilization, Africa is itself a prisoner and a sufferer. It is with productions like Blood Diamond that the images outlined in Heart of Darkness become increasingly relegated from the status of a journal to that of a fiction. It is with productions like Blood Diamond that the truth about Africa is slowly revealed. In a way, Blood Diamond has given Africa a recommendation of its grace that is rather long overdue.

Pirates of Silicon Valley Essay Example for Free

Pirates of Silicon Valley EssayThe Pirates of Silicon Valley was to a greater extent of a documentary movie where it talked about and followed the life of Bill furnish and Steve Jobs, which were founders of Microsoft and Apple. The movie takes you through the summons of how they started their respective personal computers and companies. Both guys were very intelligent individuals which they both knew so thats why they worked in concert to lift both organizations.Greed, personality, and determination from Steve Jobs and Bill Gates brought immediate success to each some other. Steve greediness worked for him for awhile which helped him get where he got to in life, which was right into the ground. Steve wasnt looking for what was best for the company both bulky and short term. He saw it as a joke at first until his main quisling Steve quit on him. Steve Jobs virtually split the apple and Macintosh up within the company which caused several(a) problems. His selfishness, trust, and dignity drive him to a point where he couldnt handle the pressure and everything that comes with the company.Bill Gates on the other hand thought out every alternative as well as stealing idea like Jobs did to Xerox. Bill Gates evolutionary invention of windows brung a rivalry between Macintosh. Bill always figured out a way to out think Steve in galore(postnominal) ways which later gave him the upper hand in the computer world. Bill calm-savvy personality helped him prosper other than the hot headed Jobs. What I found very interesting was how Bill Gates managed to keep windows a mystifying from Jobs until pretty much the release. It goes to show in the business and marketing world that no one is trusted.

Recruitment and Selection Strategies Essay Example for Free

Recruitment and Selection Strategies Essayrganizational goals Mr. Stonefield, when choosing appliers that leave behind be suit able-bodied matches for your limousine service can be accomplish by ensuring that you assume those single(a) that shargon similar views, values, and beliefs. By doing this you leave alone not only benefit the company, you will check off greater productivity from your employees and most of tout ensemble loyal, long-term employees that express their satisfaction. If both Mr. Stonefield (the business) and the employee parallel in their thoughts, views, and strategic goals, in that location will be an uptake for each individual to see by to the enquires of their coworkers as rise up as the desire to see the business survive and thrive. Mr. Stonefield you will find that an employee will be loyal and bankrupt there atomic number 6%. Forecasted demographic changes An analysis of projected work force needs for the succeeding(a) 5 years will nee d to be based on the businesses goals as well as demographic changes to both the work force, economic system as well as industrialization.By seeing and following the trends of the economy, work force and un work rates will take to heart the business in predicting changes to come. By knowing these trends landslip limousine work whitethorn be able to squelch one step ahead of its competitors. Workforce diversity objectives In order for landslide limousine Services business to be triumphant and survive the initial start-up, the workforce must be several(a) enough to compliment the targeted market and consumer base. With the marriage of the employees and the business goals it shows the consumers of this passenger transportation business that landslide Limousine Services are striving to match individual interests. A survey and gain insight as to their patrons views and patterns. Drivers and chauffeurs will be able to customize and individualize the service they offer by knowing their leaf nodeele.An archetype that comes to mind would be a client is in Austin for business. This client enjoys theater productions. If a number one wood knows the likes and dislikes of his or her client then they can do research on what productions are happening during their clients stay and offer the information about what is going on in Austin. It is the belief that there are trine elements in setting the motion for Mr. Stonefields business First, landslide Limousine should establish a tight entrustment to the diversity in the workplace. This commitment needs to begin at the top and weaved within and through all employees who work for the company. It is advisable that Landslides senior and upper management model the conduct therefore showing that they are in full support and respect of diversity in the workplace.Second, Landslide will need to understand and gain a precise insight to the businesses eagerness to move away and carry oning in touch with up to date demogra phics of the industry and the cultural diversity. Mr. Stonefield and his team must bristle a workforce profile. By doing this they will gain an understanding of the workforce and the potential hiring pool. By compose the workforce and the potential hiring pool allows for complete diversity that will be beneficial to all significant positions and organizational elements. By researching and monitoring trends and workforce reports published quarterly and annually are great resources and sources of selective information in regards to employment movement. Researching social networks and potential employees can prove to be officeful when making employment decisions and offers. Affirming that the employee are of the caliber both personally and professionally that Landslide wants as part of the team.The outcome would be gaining a professional and a precise view of a companys demographic profile. By combining and comparing this information will assist in planning and Landslides workforce model. This information will also assist Landslide in predicting potential future prospects for recruitment, hiring, and retention. Organizational brand Landslide unlike any other business will need to frequently examine and revisit their organizations corporate strategy, mission, image, and activities which will contribute to their organizational branding. Organizational branding is what a business exclusive and distinctive. This in itself will create distinguishing factors that will set itself apart from the competitors. By using and exploiting these methods and procedures, Landslide will be able to place itsprofessionalism, persona and look in the mind of its clientele, potential clients and employees and thus creating and establishing an image that is rank(a) in what Landslide is and why it exists.Methods for recruiting prognosiss Initially, due to the fact that Landslide is a tonic business Mr. Stonefield will not be able to utilize the method of subjective sourcing. Howe ver once the business is open and services are rendered Landslide will then be able to incorporate the carry out of internal sourcing for recruiting vistas. Internal sourcing consists of posting the vacated or invigorated position in an easily and highly visible world within a business for current employees to view. Internal sourcing is a very valuable tool to delectation as it utilizes the internal candidate pool and is a cost saving mea current for the business as current employees are at present employees of the company and is acquainted and accustomed to the culture of the business and allows the employee a feeling of climbing the ladder thus creating success for the employee as there will be trivial to no training and orientation for the new position. There is a potential disadvantage to internal sourcing, there may be a chance of stagnation as it does not allow for the potential for refreshed new ideas that external sourcing may bring. Therefore it would be post haste of the marketing department to keep up with changes in the market and knowing what other similar businesses are doing.As utter in a higher place another potential recruiting method is external sourcing. extraneous sourcing focusing on utilizing outside sources for announce for candidates. Landslide may want to advertise job openings and postings in the newspapers, local papers, Craigs list, online,- internet job services, use local job boards and trade publication announcements. Examples of online job posting sites are LinkedIn, Craigs List, Texas Job Services, Monster.com and CareerBuilders.com. External sourcing has many advantages as it is not limited to a captive audience, meaning current employees. It also allows for new views, thoughts and ideas in this ever changing business market and workforce.External sourcing also has its disadvantages, that starting with a new employee means cost are incurred to train and orient them. It will take time for the new read to learn the c ulture, ins and outs of the business. There needs to be a screening process during the initial application process that will screen out the individuals that would not be a fit for the company as well as screen out those individuals that would be afit the company and its organizational culture. another(prenominal) extract is third-party sourcing.This sourcing makes use of job placement agency to find qualified job candidates. The similar recruiting processes are use for third-party Sourcing as does external sourcing. However, one major difference is that a job placement agency is not a direct part of Landslide business itself. Landslide contracts with job placement agency(ies) to help identify potential qualified candidates. Third-party sourcing has its advantages it will save Landslide time and funds by identifying qualified candidates. Another advantage is that Landslide may be able to minimize their human resources department so that HR employees can focus on hiring and training of the new hires. Dependent on the turnover rate of the companys employees, Landslide may want to entertain the idea of identifying when hiring should be made.This may be a process that is identified after one to two years of operations. By pinpointing norming and trends within the business will assist in recognizing when there is a higher need to fill positions. If possible to limit the times of hiring to only a certain period of time(s) during the year. Landslide will want to take into consideration its harvest-feast and level of employee turnover as well as the cost of contracting with a hiring agency that it may be appropriate to fluctuate between internal and external sourcing. There are also a number of other potential avenues of recruiting potential employees such as recruiting individuals that are retired and of retirement ages, contacting vocational replacement services to employ individuals with disabilities, college fairs, job fairs and high school vocational classes.M ethods for screening candidates There and multiple steps in the screening process. The initial screening conducted is during the internal, external sourcing the process is quick and unrefined selection method. Candidates take applications and references. This screening process reviews the application, references and conducts background checks as well as discourses. Selection of candidates is time intensive as its process is more detailed and comprehensive than the initial screening. The actual selection process gives HR and the hiring managers a fuller view and insight of candidates by observing the individuals behavior. This behavioral screening can be obtained via having the candidate partake in a number of assessments such as job skills test and reflection to face interviews and gathering information as to the candidatescharacter through reference and background checks. Interview methodsThere are many types of interview methods that Landslide could use. However the below are some suggested methods 1) The first being a behavior-based interview Through behavior-based interviews, Landslide will be able to gain insight about the candidate by asking scenario based or direct questions describing examples and situations they may have experienced and how they handled themselves. These interview questions give light to behaviors in past employment(s) allowing Landslide to potentially predict future behaviors. 2) Situational Interviews Having candidate answer interview questions of a hypothetical nature.Testing proceduresBelow are various testing method suggestions1) Ability tests Tests the psychogenic clerical, mechanical, physical, or technical ability to perform the essential functions of the job. 2) Knowledge tests Measures candidates job-specific knowledge about the position. 3) Personality Inventories collect to the need for some of Landslides personnel to be extraverted. For example an extremely introverted individual may not be a good match in driving i ndividuals to and from their destinations. The position embarrass one on one human interaction. 4) Performance/Work sample tests Test the candidate on actual work environment and performance. Interview process considerations1.Landslide should avoid illegal discrimination As Mr. Stonefield stated he expects to hire 25 employees. It will be imperative that Landslide develop a operative knowledge of all anti-discrimination laws and rules. Federal law prohibits discriminating on the basis of race, gender, pregnancy, national origin, religion, disability, and age. However Landslide will also become knowledgeable of local and state requirements to protect against discrimination. 2.Applicants have a near to privacy it is advisable that Landslide avoid asking questions that would infringe rights to privacy.Such questions are about race, phone line and marital status 3.Landslide must follow federal and state guidelines and rules in regards to hiring immigrants. Landslide should ensure th at they hire individuals that are documented citizens or legal aliens. Applicants must complete federallyrequired documents such as I-9s and W-4s with supporting evidence. Landslide must make copies and inspect employee provided supporting documents to make sure they are legal and binding.Methods for selecting candidatesSince Landslide is a new business in the Austin, Texas area that they should start with advertising their job openings. The applicant selection begins through recruitment, either external sourcing or third party sourcing. At this point all resumes and applications are screened for only those qualified to continue to the next step. Those candidates are then interviewed. The next step begin with making contact with the applicant by telephone asking the applicant to commit to an in person interview. This initial telephone contact is one of many first impressions. Once the applicant interviews and passes they go forward to the testing portion of the hiring process.Buildi ng diversity within Landslide Limousine Services will be extremely important. This will potentially widen the clientele base worldwide. When a client knows that the business is multilingual and culturally savvy. The clients will respect and patron Landslides services over and over again. Landslide will also be viewed as being a diverse workplace that honors all races and ethnicities. dissimilar laws that must be considered when hiring especially in a diverse workforce would be The Age variety in Employment Act of 1967, The Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986, The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 Family and the Medical perish Act of 1993 and Sexual Harassment.ReferencesCascio, Wayne F. (2013). Managing Human Resources Productivity, Quality of Work Life, Profits (Ninth Edition). New York, NY.University of Phoenix (2013). Week sixsome Difficult Concepts. Retrieved on Saturday, December 14, 2013 at https//ecampus.phoenix.edu/secure/aapd/Materials/IP/curriculum/sb/HRM5 31/week_6_video.asp

The Dramatic Significance of Act 3.4 of Richard III Essay Example for Free

The hammy import of flake 3.4 of Richard III EssayDramatic signifi housece is utilize in several instances in the condition extract from Act 3 Scene 4, for various purposes such(prenominal) as to reveal to us the veritable nature of Richard, foreshadow deaths and ill-fortunes in the upcoming scenes as well as develop stem turns that have appe ard in previous scenes such as the theme of curses and prophesies.The use of wording in the first few grooves contributes to the base of dramatic significance to develop the theme of cruel and the role of the supernatural in the play. Words which incriminate supernatural and evil powers such as devilish, damned and witchcraft are used by Richard as he accuses people of having cursed him and hence caused harm to his body, such as his arm which he describes as a blasted sapling wit here(predicate)d up. Dramatic significance is in like manner used to show irony here as Richard is portraying himself as a victim of their evil forces. However, in actual fact, Richard is the one who is evil and conspires against everyone, attempting to deceive and over beat them.He is also the one who has most often been associated with hell and the devil by many a(prenominal) characters in the previous acts of the play. For example, in Act 1 Scene 3 Margaret refers to Richard as The striver of nature and the son of hell. The hard alliteration of the d sounds in damned, death and devilish also make him sound evil and cruel. As such, we are able to see through his false summit and also realise how absurd his argument is as he is born with the deformities that he is acc employ others inflicting upon him. In Act 1, he himself used the phrase rudely stamped to describe himself, which shows that he was born with deformities.Punctuation and diction in battle of Hastings replys to Richard also has dramatic significance as it reveals to us his true feelings towards Richard and establishes the hidden divergence present between them. For example, when Hastings says The tender lie with I bear your grace, my lord, he exaggerates by the using of the word tender to describe his love and the fact that he places my lord at the end of the sentence, cause a pause in the line, suggests the lack of sincerity in his words. Also, the use of If in his next response to Richard gives us a clear hint of the split between them as it is evident that he doubts Richards words.Dramatic significance is also used to foreshadow the evil that is to come. For example, when Hastings says that whoever offends Richard deserved death, he is digging his possess grave as he is unknowingly granting permission for Richard to have him executed. He is unaware that Richard would soon throw accusations on him and have him killed. Hence, Hastingss death is foreshadowed. Another instance where death is foreshadowed is at the end of the extract when Hastings says that England will experience fearfulst time to thee/That ever wretched age hath looked upon and that his executioners Lovell and Ratcliffe shortly shall be dead. This also highlights the theme of curses and prophesies as these curses and prophesies actually come to pass towards the end of the play when Richard and his allies get defeated.In many other cases, curses have been fulfilled but the receivers of the curses or bad omens are ignorant of them and hence are not cautious of the danger that they will face and are unable to avoid them. For example, when Hastings was say to be executed, he was angry with himself for having brushed away all the warnings that he got, and not having taken Margarets curses seriously. This is shown through the repetition of Margarets name when Hastings says O Margaret, Margaret and the despaired tone that is conveyed through the use of exclamation marks, commas and diction such as scorn, loathe and wretched.We see Hastings regretfully state the several warnings that he had received, such as the stumbling of his horse upon approaching th e tower where traitors were taken to for execution, Stanleys dream of a boar attacking them, in Act 3 Scene 2, which he disregarded, as well as Margarets curse in Act 1 Scene 3 saying That none of you may live your natural age, /But by just about unlookd accident cut off. This is also dramatically significant as well as it creates a sense of pathos for Hastings and his unfortunate predicament. We feel sorry for him and understand his pain and anger as he could have avoided this misfortune from happening as he says, For I, too fond, might have prevented this. finally the stage directions in the extract are relevant in creating dramatic significance to show Richards exclamatory nature and power to control the behaviour of the noblemen and rope in their support. Firstly, he shows how easily he can call for an execution of someone by saying Off with his head. Now by Saint capital of Minnesota I/Swearlook that it be done, making it sound all religious and official.After which, he says, The rest that love me, rise and follow me almost as if he were threatening those who stay behind with the same finishing as what he had just caused for Hastings. As a result, the stage directions in response to Richards ending line is Exeunt all but LOVELLE and RATCLIFFE, with the LORD HASTINGS, showing us that the rest do fear Richard, his power, and that they understand the danger of losing their lives. This is also felt up by Hastings as he describes him as O bloody Richard.Hence, dramatic significance has been used effectively in the given extract to help us readers better understand the play and the sum and ideas that Shakespeare is trying to convey.

Studying abroad Essay Example for Free

Studying abroad EssayBeing a constituent of the academe, it is sincerely a must for me to pursue more than for the sake of advancing and developing my knowledge and abilities. For a very long time, I have always held this philosophy knowledge must not be confined in the corners of a room. This statement always pushes me to go and explore everything that could help me project everything in this world. I would not bonnie sit down, listen to what my teacher says, take down notes, read books, take exams and do projects. For me, those would not make my craving for knowledge. And that is noteworthy because as a student, as an advocate of education, it is necessary not to become so in tuned with theoretical means of inputting knowledge. As how the wise Confucius said, directly experiencing things would give more knowledge that is faraway more reliable than those that are gained by simply hearing or seeing them. In this regard, I want to pursue a study abroad. I want to know thing s other than those things that I already have knowledge of.I want to understand why people in Spain are diametrical from people in my country. I want to be able to distinguish the uniqueness that separates them from other races across the world. And such exploration would really help me improve my knowledge about Spain and other things that are not that comprehensible if I would just be in my country. I would be able to appreciate more the diversity of cultures, religions, and traditions by being situated in a place that I am not yet oriented with.This endeavor would really teach me many things that in return I could section with my future students (as I plan to become a teacher someday). I always believe that a credible teacher teaches his students things that he had already proven to be true or things that he is really certain of. This scholarship is truly necessary for my studies and future undertakings. I am hoping that you would be able to understand my purpose regarding thi s matter.

The role of the European Parliament

The subroutine of the atomic number 63an parliamentINTRODUCTIONThe division of spots among an executive, a legislature and a judiciary (Montesquieus tri bulge outite brass, The Spirit of Laws, 1748) is the common feature of the study democratic out business organisations. The sevens/ depicted object fictionalization as a voice of the people cig bette be considered as the institution that legitimizes system as a whole. Every country has its own parliamentary system, recognized and identified by the citizens. The European parliament as the EU take legislature was created on the model of its counterparts. However its perception is fundamentally different. unrivaled prat comp atomic number 18 the inhering government of some(prenominal), bailiwick and European Parliament, status of their members or ships company system exactly what undermines all the comparisons is the context in which these bodies argon placed. The role of the European Parliament is determined by the nature of the EU and its sui generis character a semi semi governmental system on its own chastise. It break ups on the role of the institutions, division of competences and inter-institutional relations that differ from those at the case aim. Lack of traditional government has a signifi understructuret impact on the dress of the European semipolitical parties at heart the system. in that respect is no executive to differentiate with nor to oppose to. The European party system is based on devil competing principals that posses different resources to shape de cockeyedour of their MEPs agents- subject parties and the European political parties.EU is very often contested because of the lack of the legitimacy. The importance of the European elections is diminished because of the lack of electoral connection with the public and dominance of the issue issues (second stage elections). The internal procedures as rise as decision qualification function atomic number 18 too complex to be solo understood by an average citizen. As a consequence in that respect is a different milieu for the parties to operate in at the national and the EU train. It generates diverse level of cohesiveness, abilities to check up on, authorises and rewards. All these factors decide on the way political parties organize at each level bodiedly or individually and what are the motivators that determine their choice. Are they in fact weaker in the European Parliament if compares to those in the domestic parliaments in Europe? If it is the case what are the main reasons that make them weaker? Which of the lsquoprincipals has more charm?I leave behind contend that due to the different constitutional building of the EU lack of government performance of the European parties is less(prenominal) apparent than those at the national level. As a consequence the incentives for incarnate party governance can be indeed considered weaker than it is a case for the domest ic parliaments. However evaluation of these incentives can non be oversimplified. These deuce levels are interlinked and mutually dependent. Growing cohesiveness inwardly the political gatherings can be a merit of both national and European party levels. Importance of the EP (especially afterward the Lisbon Treaty) draws more and more attention to what does chance in the EP. Its growing author provides national parties with additional incentives to organize collectively at the supra-domestic level in order to maximize long suit of their actions.Firstly I will emphasize the main features of the European party system, its expression, mechanisms and levels of collective organic law. The first part will be divided in dickens sections brief instauration of the nomenclature used in the context of the European parliamentary system and theory of two principals the system is based on. tricely I will make common incentives for collective party organization, that can be found at bo th levels. In the third part, I will focus on European dimension of these incentives. Forth part will contain a comparative analysis of two levels national and European presenting the main differences. Given to the information, presented in the prior chapters, in the fifth genius, I will firmness what determines take sort of the MEPs and internal-party cohesiveness. In the last, sixth part, I will come to concluding statements.I. EUROPEAN company SYSTEM STRUCTURE AND MECHANISMSStructure of the party system in the European Parliament is characterized by its multiplicity of organization levels and actors knobbed. First of all there are national party delegations which join the European political parties ( international parties or Europarties) which then create European political groups. These two first levels may way out in third although less official one at which political groups cooperate together in order to minimize the exploit of early(a) political groups or to build a common front against the other EU institutions much(prenominal) as the Council or the European Commission. Thus one could describe internal organization of the European Parliament as two and a half or three level transnational party system (see Figure 1.1).I.1. DEFINITIONSThe European party system is characterized by the complexity of nomenclature which ask to be clarified in order to understand the party organization. Starting from the first component of the structure. topic party delegations can be defined as entities within the transnational parties in the EP consisting of MEPs from the identical national party. Transnational parties are the group s of representatives within a given institution that typically come from the comparable party family. According to Lindberg et al., in the EP, these transnational parties are also comm merely referred to as (transnational) party groups. However, it has to be de noneed that these transnational parties, albeit they create transna tional political groups, they are not the equivalent of the latter. In most cases political groups are composed of more than one political party. Not every MEPs belongs to the party that creates the group unaffiliated members. Political groups are not allowed to take part in the campaign for the European elections and cannot be set up if the proposed membership consists of MEPs from only one member state. Functioning and organization of the European parties has its legal basis in the Regulation (EC) No 2004/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 November 2003 on the regulations governing political parties at European level and the line ups regarding their funding.I.2. TWO PRINCIPALS THEORYThe principal-agent theory is frequently used by the scholars to describe the relations among the actors involved in the EU policy-making process, occupyly institutions and members states. The central puzzle analyzed in this theory is that one actor (the principal) needs to delegate tasks and resources to another actor (the agent) who will take action on behalf of the principal but who has interests and objectives of his or her own. Agent cannot observe the actions of its principal, thus its give abilities are very limited. It creates a serious incentive problem and a necessity of the sanction mechanism to envision expected outcomes.Principal-agent interaction applies also to the European Parliament. There are two party principals that possess specific resources to shape the behavior of their MEPs. Quality of these resources determines the lick and strength of the principals. National parties (principal 1) can use their control of candidate reselection and their control of the process of European elections to influence whether an MEP is take to the parliament in the first place. European parties (principal 2), in turn, can use their control of resources and power within the parliament to influence whether an MEP is able to secure his or her poli cy and occupational group goals at once elected. What does the two-principal theory mean for the effectiveness of the European party system? What does it say about the interactions within the system?According to David Marquand, European party system, in order to be fully democratic and effective has to be based on Europe des partis where politics is structured through a party system, and not on Europe des patries where politics is structured around national identities and governments. It would guarantee a higher level of internal cohesiveness and secure the policy objectives. In the European Parliament, there is however a significant rack from the national parties which may urinate a strong impact on the last(a) decisions of one MEP or another. When the power of the EP is at stake, MEPs have strong incentive to take together to acquire more power relative to other EU institutions , to ensure a counterbalance. However, the national parties may be encouraged to keep more influe nce over their MEPs because of the growing legislative power of the EP. Hence, it can be argued that there will be an increased intervention by national parties to control the activities of their European representatives.The functioning of the EP depends to a corking extent on the interactions between two principals and the influence of one or/and the other. These interactions are, in turn, determined by a lot of factors. Among the others one can mention issue covered, circumstances, institutional context and strategies employ by the flusht groups. Different incentives offered by them evoke different behavior. Incentives for collective party organization can be common for both levels national and European, separate or may create a sort of tool chest of the incentives that are interpreted out of the box, when there is such a need.II. COMMON INCENTIVES FOR COLLECTIVE ORGANIZATION incorporated organization is one of the concept which can be applied to a lot of spheres of political and hearty science. It refers to the logic of collective action of Mancur Olson and its theory of groups. The main purpose of the collective organization is to reduce consummation costs of what can be achieved by joining the group whose members share the same interests. The most intelligible form of collective organization in political parties context is the league-building. According to John H. Aldrich, political parties are institutional solutions created by rational utility-maximizing legislators to reduce the transaction costs of collective decision-making and solve the internal collective action problems they face in the legislature. There are two main common incentives for collective organization reduction of transaction costs and solution for collective action problem. Building a coalition is a very meter-consuming and demanding process that includes the costs of putting together a proposal, identifying coalition partners and forging a compromise acceptable to a suffici ent volume. Going through all these stages every time a party looks for an ally is too risky and does not guarantee sufficient level of influence after all. The existence of political parties reduces these costs by allowing the actors concerned to pre-pack like-minded legislators and form more stable coalition patterns.Coalition-building solves also the problem of collective action in decision making process. Through organizing themselves into a mass party, legislators can receive a higher pay-off in terms of policy then they could achieve as individual legislators. Being a part of a majoritarian coalition is the only way to have luxuriant influence in order to pass a legislation that would secure the policy objectives. Every coalition, once built, has to be cohesive, otherwise it will not play its expected role. Voting behavior of the coalition members determines its power and effectiveness.Transnational character of the political groups, however, can easily impede the internal cohesiveness. There two groups of the reasons that can be mentioned. First one, having its sources in systemic differences as to the political culture, traditions, habits, mentalities, political scene stability (bi- or multipolar), level of dependence on national authorities, attachment to domestic parties, importance of national issues etc. Second one concerning individual features such as personality, knowledge about the issues concerned, language barrier which can delay the access to informal source of information as well as the informal inter-MEPs relations. The list of the reasons is not exhaustive one. It shows, however, the importance and influence of the national system on the behavior of the MEPs who have been brought up by each detail system.The question arises what can be done in order to ensure a satisfactory level of cohesiveness? What are the instruments that can be used to control voting behavior? The EU party system does not have such an advanced sanction mechanis m as it is the case in the domestic parliaments in Europe. Therefore, establishing party leadership seems to be the most effective, if not the only one, solution to compensate this deficiency. There are two possible scenarios that can be applied by the parties. According to the first one, parties can establish a transnational party together with like-minded legislators in order to reduce transaction costs of legislative decision-making. There is no centralized party group leadership and collective action problem of maintaining party unity can be solved through repeated actions. Alternative option expects the establishment of party group leadership with monitoring capabilities and disciplinary power. These two scenarios give the legislators incentives to form transnational parties at the European level in order to increase their influence over policy outcomes.Apart from having influence on policy-making policy seeking incentive, scholars distinguish two others re-election and offic e-seeking. Together, they form a sort of the incentives triangle which defines the collective party organization (see Figure 2.1). It depends on the particular system which incentive is more plausibly to be used. In the domestic parliamentary system re-election is oddly primary(prenominal) one due to a salient impact of national parties on future career of their MEPs. It has to be born in mind, that this incentives triangle is characterized by mutual dependence on the one hand and inequality on the other. According Thorsten Faas, their relations can be described clear lexicographic order. He underlines importance of re-election goal as the one that decide on the existence of the two others. Without re-election, there is incomplete office, nor policy. It confirms the importance of the domestic parliamentary system and preliminary incentive it offers. Once, however, re-election is achieved, it creates further incentives that can be applied at the EU level.III. INCENTIVES FOR COL LECTIVE PARTY ORGANIZATION AT THE EU LEVELTransnational parties are () a product of national parties, who created and sustain the transnational parties to serve their own policy goals in the European Parliament. Thus, it is in the national parties interest to ensure the cohesiveness in once created supranational platform. Each national party is unlikely to obtain its policy objectives by acting alone. They need an access to transnational level which would open a window of opportunity through which they could pass their goals. Transnational parties service of process national parties and MEPs, structure their behavior. These two levels of party organization are characterized by interdependence based on mutuality of interests and benefits. National party as an essential subcomponent of transnational party on the one hand. Transnational party as a useful platform and a source of behavior structure on the other.Apart from these inter-related incentives, dropping partially in Principal 1 and Principal 2 resources, one can mention other, taciturn only for MEPs once they have been elected (See II.2. Two principal theory Principal 2). The most important one is allocation of leadership position within the EP. company groups control important assets within the EP such as committee positions, rapporteurships for writing legislative reports, and plenary speaking time. The most salient reports are allocated to the most loyal MEPs. Another incentive, however less important, is the control of the parliamentary order of business by the MEPs. They do have an influence on what can be included in the agenda, but they cannot decide on whether one issue or another can be kept of the agenda. The larger party group is, the greater influence on allocation of leadership position and agenda control it has. Using the allocation position power as well as (limited) agenda control one can argue that European political groups are able to enforce party line and mobilize its members to uni fied voting.While analyzing incentives for collective party organization at the EU level, institutional context has to be mentioned. Behavior of the institutions and their members is to a great extent determined by inter-institutional competition. Each of them seeks to preserve its position on the institutional arena and ensure its influence on the issues concerned. In other words, the inter-institutional competition system is based on counterbalance mechanisms that foster the institutions pr even sot the dominant position of one of them. This is the case also for the European Parliament, whose power has been systematically enforcing by the treaties, moving the EP form its position of purely consultative body (Treaty of Rome) and to the one of an active player the decision-making process (veto power). The ordinary legislative procedure introduced by the Lisbon Treaty, entered into a force in 2009, makes the role of the EP even more significant. Collective organization within the EP as well as voting cohesiveness help the EP to reduce the importance of two other institutions, namely the Council and the Commission.Another level of the competition which is very present in the EP concern party groups. Inter-party group competition determines voting behavior within the groups increasing cohesiveness. It is in the interest of the political groups to ensure a strong position vis vis other groups. Following the general rule bigger can more, creating bigger and more influential platform enables the groups to be more competitive and to describe a counterbalance to the others. As S. Hix et al. argue, the incentive to form and maintain powerful transnational party organization is fundamentally related to political competition inside the European Parliament () It pays to be cohesive because this increases a partys chance of being on the winning side of a vote and thus to influence its nett outcome.IV. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN INCENTIVES IN DOMESTIC PARLIAMENTS IN EUROPE AND IN THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT COMPARATIVE abridgmentAmong the consequences of the distinct nature of the nation state on the one hand and the European Union on the other (see Introduction, pp. 1-2) one can find differences between incentives for collective party organization accessible at both levels. The reasons maybe divided into groups which touch upon different aspects nature of the European election, re-election capabilities, sanction instruments, constitutional structure and general perception of political parties performance at both levels.Domestic parliaments are perceived as the ones that offer their deputies more incentives than it is the case of the European Parliament, where the role of the political parties is much less apparent.Reif and Schmitt coined the term of second-order national elections to underline the importance of the national issues in the election campaigns in Europe. One can also mention very low turnout, weak electoral connection between citizens and Eur opean legislators, no brand name at the EU level since candidates do not use a common European label, but the label of their national party. winning into account these factors, the nature of elections does not seem to provide an incentive to act within a cohesive party group that is as strong as in genuine national election.Internal functioning of the EP shows an important role played by the national electoral systems as well as strong a connection between the MEPs and their national parties. The national parties constitute the main amass actors in the European Parliament. There are lots of aspects justifying this statement. These are the national parties that nominate the candidates to the European elections. They decide also which of their MEPs will be returned to the European Parliament. National party leaderships have a dominant influence on the future career prospects of the MEPs, both within and beyond the EP. National parties decide which of their MEPs they will stick up f or key committee position and offices inside the parliament and also whether MEPs will be chosen as candidates for national legislative and executive office. There is a clear list of incentives and goal that may be achieved. The most important one is re-election. The lack of this particular incentive to offer at the EU level weakens significantly the position of transnational parties in comparison to their national counterparts. Level of the voting cohesiveness determines the effectiveness of the transnational groups once they are established. It decides if they are able or not to ensure political accountability and consistent decision-making.Domestic parliamentary systems have at their organization greater sanctions for the behavior contradictory to the party lines. Taking into account what national parties can offer, there is too much to lose if one decide not follow their instructions (cost and benefits analysis). One of the relevant instruments available at the domestic level is the confidence vote attached to a legislative proposal. It can be used by the governmental party or coalition in order to ensure (party) voting cohesion.On top of that, the cabinet, with its prerogatives in the legislative process, is formed along partisan lines and the portfolios are distributed by party leaders. It shows that political parties are crucial at all stages of the making of public policy.The sanctions mechanism within the European Parliament is developed enough to exert an effective influence on voting behavior of the MEPs. There are two instruments which has to be mentioned. Political groups can control their members through whips or by group coordinators in case of the committees. The second one at the inclination of the political groups is the ultimate sanction of expelling an individual MEP or national party delegation from the group. However, political groups make use of this possibility only in extreme cases.Decision of the expulsion has to be supported by a majority of all MEPs in the group and is only credible if expelling the party would not weaken the political group compared with its opponents in the parliament.Importance of the available instruments is limited by their kind of theoretical dimension. If we assume that the transnational parties are responsible for the growing cohesiveness within the political groups, the threat of use of the sanction itself should be sufficient in order to ensure an obedience of the MEPs. However, if these are the national parties which determine the voting behavior, these sanction instruments lose their raison dtre and should be regarded as rather simple provision.Differences between two levels concern to a large extent the constitutional structure. The one of the EU does not () resemble the structure of a parliamentary system.First of all, there is no traditional government to support, discredit, refer to identify with or oppose to. No executive which can enforce party unity via a vote of confid ence.Only possibility at the EPs disposal is the power to vote the European executive (the Commission) through vote of no confidence. However, the necessary majority (two-thirds majority of the votes cast, representing a majority of the component MEPs, art. 234 TFEU) is very awkward to achieve. Furthermore, the Commission is not recruited from a majority coalition within the EP.It has no power to dissolve the Parliament, even for the budgets rejection which would normally have happened in the national systems. One can say that both positive and negative incentives from the part of the executive are very limited. Nothing to be afraid of and nothing to strive for.Performance of European political groups is weakened by limited abilities of agenda control (in comparison to the domestic parliaments). No transnational party can use agenda control powers in order to keep policy issues which divide the party from arising in the legislative decision-making process () even if this particular party holds a sufficient majority of votes(see Section III, p. 7). It is the European Commission that has an exclusive right to initiative. The European Parliament can only submit the proposal for legislative act, which then is considered by the Commission. The same applies to the transnational parties in the Council. Thus, Lindberg et al., argue that partisan control of the legislative agenda is only possible if a political camp dominates all three legislative bodies in the EU, namely the Commission, the Council and the Parliament. Table 1 Party effects on legislative decision-makingNational partiesTransnational partiesElectoral arena Selection of representativesEuropean ParliamentYesNoCouncilYesNoCommissionYesNoLegislative arena Legislative organizationEuropean Parliament multiformMixedCouncilNoNoCommissionNoNoIntra-institutional decision-makingEuropean ParliamentYesYesCouncilMixedMixedCommissionNoNoIntra-institutional decision-makingMixedYes (preliminary evidence)Source B. Lindb erg, A. Rasmussen, A. Warntjen, Party politics as coarse? The role of political parties in EU legislative decision-making, Journal of European Public Policy, Volume 15, replication 8, 2008, p. 1114.V. DETERMINANTS OF THE VOTING COHESIVENESS INSIDE THE EPDifferent factors that determine the voting behavior inside the EP refer us to the theory of two principals mentioned in the second part (see pages 3-4). Which of them has a greater impact on how the MEPs vote national parties of transnational groups? What does prevail national loyalty or partisan alignments? Do they necessarily oppose to each other? One can assume that MEPs take their decision being well conscious and fully aware of the context of the decisions, their content as well as their consequences. However, a significant part of them are being taken without this knowledge and rationally based analysis. Instead of it, other factors influence the MEPs and their final decision. Three of them seem to be the most important.Firs t, personal relations among the MEPs established as a result of socialization. It concerns especially those first-time elected deputies who are not very familiar with organizational structure of the EP. They are often forced to rely on somebody else while taking the decision. Somebody who, for different reasons, they decide to pull while taking decision. Second, content of the issue discussed and its impact on a vote. If the outcome of the decision is specially important from a countrys perspective, one could expect that MEP to be well informed about the issue. Then fortune that he or she will vote in accordance to the national party line is higher, either. Third, time the decision is taken. One can argue that MEPs are more likely to vote in line with their European party/political group when the leadership positions have not been allocated yet. In other words, it is difficult to apply the well know rule of stick and carrot if the carrot does no longer exist. disrespect frequent criticism of the lack of strength of the EP party groups, it is shown that they achieve relatively high and rising levels of cohesion.However, there is no clear answer on whether it is mainly the transnational or the national parties that act as the principals of the MEPs.At least three observations can be made to show the relations between them. First, national political parties make up the European parties strategically choose to vote together and impose discipline on their MEPs even when their preferences diverge. Doing so, they want to secure their long term collective policy goaland not necessarily the contiguous outcome of particular vote.Second, MEPs rarely vote against the European party line. Mostly because a high level of consensus between European political groups and national parties rarely forces them to make that choice. Third however, if the conflict between two principals appears they will chose the national one. One can say that MEPs are ultimately controlled by th eir national parties rather than European political groups.Importance of the national actors in determining the cohesion of the European parties depends on how nearly nation parties follow Parliamentary debates and how often the offer guidance to their own members. The national parties are more likely to be directly involved when they are opposed to the group vote or when the issue is of particular national concern.Voting against the majority within the political group does not simply pay if the rate is not high enough. The same applies for the roll-call voting where votes (Yes, No, Abstain) are published in the parliaments official minutes.Votes that are usually taken by roll call concerns decision of rather political nature (not technical one). It gives an extra incentive to show loyalty to the European political groups.Existing studies of roll-call voting confirm this statement showing that MEPs are likely to vote along transnational party lines than national lineswhen such a me thod is applied.though the Parliament is organized